Poland is one of the major countries in Hearts of Iron. It is available for play in several scenarios and battles.
Scenario positions Edit1936 Edit
Poland is a major country in the 1936 scenario, the only one to allow a significant period of peace for the player to prepare his nation for war. Poland begins with a modest economy, but a sizable army.
Military EditPolish Army Edit
The Polish Army in 1936 was a large army, equivalent in numbers to many of the major military forces in the world, and greater than that of their primary threat: Germany. However, the army was almost entirely composed of infantrydivisions, and attached brigades are sparse.
The Army has a limited number of skilled commanders, with two skill level 3 Major Generals, Prich and Rola-Zymierski (a Panzer Leader.) Top corps commanders are Lieutenant GeneralsSikorski and Sosnkowski, both skill level 2. Sosnkowski has both Offensive Doctrine and Defensive Doctrinetraits while Sikorski is a Logistics Wizard. Top army commander is Field MarshalSmigly-Ridz at skill level 1, but with Defensive Doctrine and Old Guard traits.
Polish Air Force Edit
The Air Force is small in quantity, especially considering the existing threats Poland faces. The force is based in Warsaw, where a level 6 airbase exists. Smaller level 3 and 4 airbases are maintained at Brest Litovsk, Danzig, Lida, Lodz, and Stanislawow.
The Air Force lacks capable commanders, their best being Lieutenant GeneralRayski and Major GeneralsHeller, Jarina, Kalkus, and Pawluc. All are skill level 1 and the only one with any notable trait is Heller, who is a Tank Buster.
Polish Navy Edit
The tiny Polish Navy has only two flotillas at the level 8 naval base in Poland's only coastal province, Danzig.
The Navy lacks capable commanders, their best being Vice AdmiralSwirski and Rear AdmiralUnrug, both skill level 1 Superior Tacticians.
Intelligence & Diplomacy EditDiplomatic Agreements Edit
Technology EditKnown Technology Edit
Poland begins 1936 with several areas of technological knowledge.
Research Edit
Poland's economy will only support two tech teams simultaneously, requiring Poland to plan carefully to complete important research.
Economy EditCapacity Edit
Stockpiles Edit
All of Poland's resources are stockpiled in Warsaw, the country's capital
Budget Edit
Poland begins with the military in need of several upgrades and reinforcements to bring it up to date and strength. Total upgrade needs are over 200 IC while reinforcements require more than 40 for full rate.
Government Edit
Poland begins 1936 as a Paternal Autocrat form of dictatorship. While it is more democratic than authoritarian, it is so completely right wing that it does not qualify as a Democracy. Poland begins with no belligerence or dissent.
Sliders Edit
Poland's mix of slider positions makes it more difficult to have a cohesive strategy based on them.
Ministers Edit
Was Field Marshal Montgomery trusted?
ffield marshall Montgomery was trusted ffield marshall Montgomery was trusted ffield marshall Montgomery was trusted
Who is monty World War 2?What has the author Bernard Law Montgomery written?
Bernard Law Montgomery has written: 'The memoirs of Field-Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein' 'Normandy to the Baltic'
Who were the commanding generals on D-Day?
Gen. Eisenhower of the USA vs. Field Marshal Rommel of the Germans. General Eisenhower was the overall commander of the allied invasion force but the british Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery was the commander of Operation Overlord. they were fighting against Field Marshal Erwin Rommel who Montgomery had beat in North Africa at El Alamein
What World War 2 terms start with b?When did General Montgomery die?
Field Marshal (not General) Bernard Law Montgomery, 17 November 1887 - 24 March 1976
Which general led the victorious troops on battle of El Alamein?Who was the British field marshall who led the attack against rommel in North Africa?When was Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band created?
Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band was created in 1945.
Was Monty Anglo-Irish?
If you mean Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery then yes he was the son of an Anglo-Irish priest.
Who was a Field Marshal for Britain in World War 2?
Field-Marshal is an army rank above general. Field-Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery KG GCB DSO PC, usually called 'Monty', and who was made Viscount Montgomery of Alamein held the rank of Field-Marshal during the second war. And so did Viscount Gort, Sir Archbold Wavell, Sir Alan Brook, Sir Harold Alexander and Sir Henry Wilson amongst others.
Is Elizabeth Montgomery and Cliff Montgomery related?
No way, negatori. First of all Montgomery Clift was a male actor, Montgomery was his first name. ( famous British General in World War II by the way, Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery). NO relation on either angle.
Who were the main leaders involved in D-Day?
Allies -- Gen. Omar Bradley -- Lt. Gen. Miles Dempsey -- Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower -- Air Vice Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory -- Field Marshall Bernard Law Montgomery -- Adm. Bertram H. Ramsay -- Gen. Carl Spaatz Axis -- Field Marshall Erwin Rommel
What would start with b in world war 2?
· Benito Mussolini · Berlin, Battle of · Bernard Montgomery (British Field Marshal) · Bradley, Omar (US General)
Who were the generals involved in the battle for northern Africa?
The two titans who clashed in North Africa were German Field Marshall Erwin Rommel and British General Bernard Montgomery.
British gerneral during World War 2?
Field Marshall Bernard Law Montgomery - top general of the Brits in World War 2 European Theater.
Victorious General in North Africa during World War 2?
Bernard Montgomery was a famous General for Britain when he defeated German Field Marshall Rommel/The Desert Fox
British general named monty?
Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, KG, GCB, DSO, 17 November 1887 - 24 March 1976), nicknamed 'Monty' and the 'Spartan General' was a British Army officer.
British general during ww11 called monty?Who are famous World War 2 generals?
US - General Dwight David 'Ike' Eisenhower, General Douglas MacArthur, General George Smith Patton, Jr, General Omar Bradley, General George Catlett Marshall, Jr. UK - Field Marshal Bernard Law 'Monty' Montgomery Germany - Field Marshal Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel 'the desert fox', Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, Field Marshal Otto Moritz Walter Model, Field Marshal Günther von Kluge France - General Charles de Gaulle France (later Vichy France) - Marshal Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph⦠Read More
Who was the main british general during World War 2?Who led great Britain throughout world war 2?Who were the important people of the battle of el-alamein?
Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, Commander of the Axis Forces; Field Marshal Barnard Montgomery, Commandeer of the Allied Forces.
World War 2 words that start with m?
· MacArthur, Douglas (US General) · Mark W. Clark (US General) · Marshall, George (US General) · Midway, Battle of · Mineichi Koga, Admiral (commander in chief of the Japanese Combined Fleet) · Montgomery, Bernard (British Field Marshal) · Moscow, Battle of · Mussolini, Benito
Who was the commander of operation overlord?
The overall commander of Operation Overlord was General Dwight Eisenhower. Other senior commanders for Overlord included Air Marshall Leigh-Mallory, Air Marshall Tedder, Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery and Admiral Bertram Ramsey. Dwight D. Eisenhower .
Did George S Patton lead the US invasion of Sicily?
Yes, he was under the command of British commander Alexander and General Eisenhower, and was also working with British Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery.
What leader directed Operation Overlord?
General Dwight David Eisenhower of the US Army and Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery of the Royal Army along with Winston Churchill who was the Prime Minister at the time.
Who was the british general who fought in North Africa?World war 2 terms starting with the letter m?
· MacArthur, Douglas (US General) · Mark W. Clark (US General) · Marshall, George (US General) · Midway, Battle of · Mineichi Koga, Admiral (commander in chief of the Japanese Combined Fleet) · Montgomery, Bernard (British Field Marshal) · Moscow, Battle of · Mussolini, Benito
Who said my new field marshall when you have your baton?
Wellington sent the baton of Marshal Jordan to the Prince Regent after Victoria (1813) & was sent the baton of an English Field Marshal in return.
May you know who is field marshal in American country?
The rank of Field Marshall is not used in the American Military in any branch.
Is there a rank higher than field marshal?
No, Field Marshall is the highest rank in the army. Even very few get promoted to this.
What is a Reich Marshall?
The Reich Marshall was the title given to Field Marshall Herman Goring by Hitler to basically give him a higher military rank to the other field marshals at that time which was 1940. This title made him the senior field marshal outranking them all.
Who was the American field general in Africa during World War 2?What is the field marshal in army?
In the British Army, Field Marshall is the highest rank. 2nd lieutenant Lieutenant Captain Major Lieutenant Colonel Colonel Brigadier Major General Lieutenant General General Field Marshall
Where did the Germans surrender to the Soviets?
The Germans surrendered to the Allies in Northern Germany and especialy to Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery. Stalin rightfully felt that because of the huge lossess it incurred during the war, their should be another surrender ceremony in the German capital of Berlin. Again, all 3 Allied governments were there along with Field Marshal Keital of Germany. Keital, would then be arrested and transferred to Nuremburg and stand trial for war crimes and was executed in⦠Read More
Was British General Montgomery allied commander who helps the Americans win in the North Africa?
Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery was the British commander during the El Alamein battle in North Africa which was the turning point in that campaign. The Americans only played a limited part in North Africa. Don't be fooled by the Hollywood version!
Who were the british generals during world war 2?
Field Marshal Montgomery is the main British general during WW2.
What is a word that starts with a b that's important in World War 2?
Benito Mussolini (Prime Minister of Italy), the Battle of Berlin, Bernard Montgomery (British Field Marshal) and Omar Bradley (U.S. General) were important in World War 2. They begin with B.
What links virginia wade field marshall montgomery and Laurence olivier?Leaders of the major allied powers?
Eisenhower, Patton, Field Marshall Montgomery, Churchill, Stalin and of course Churchill
Who were the best Allied commanders in Europe during World War 2?
For the British, Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander, Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, Field Marshal Alan Brooke. For the Americans, General Dwight Eisenhower, General George Patton, General Omar Bradley. Eisenhower was top Allied commander, Brooke and Alexander were next in line. Patton was the best fighting general, and Montgomery also won many battles. Bradley was an excellent planner, and used Patton as the hammer striking the iron. Montgomery pushed Rommel's vaunted Afrika Korps clear across⦠Read More
Which US general accepted German surrender?
General Eisenhower accepted the surrender of the Nazis through Field Marshall Montgomery.
Who was the British commander in North Africa during World War 2?
Field Marshal Montgomery..or Monty. General Montgomery was only one, in a list of commanders. The British 8th Army in North Africa was commanded by firstly, Sir Alan Cunningham, Sir Neil Ritchie, Claude Auchinleck and then by Lt - Gen Bernard Law Montgomery in August 1942. Harold Alexander was Montgomery's boss, being commander in Chief Middle East.
Who were the pallbearers of Winston Churchill's coffin?
Field Marshall Sir Gerald Templer, Mr Harold MacMillan, The Lord Ismay, The Lord Normanbrook, Sir Robert Menzies, The Lord Bridges, Field Marshal The Viscount Slim, Marshal of the RAF The Viscount Portal of Hungerford, The Earl of Avon, The Earl Attlee, Field Marshal The Earl Alexander of Tunis, Admiral of the Fleet The Earl Mountbatten of Burma
How do you become a field marshal on jelly battle?
you have to get 50,000 xp in order to get to field marshal
What country directs Normandy invasion?
General D. D. Eisenhower of the US, Field Marshall Montgomery of Britain and other generals under them.
Who was the European commander during World War 2?
General Dwight Eisenhower was the supreme commander with General Omar Bradley and Field Marshal Montgomery as the seconds in command.
Who was the commander for the us in the battle of alamein?
The US was not in the Battle of El Alamein, and had no troops anywhere within a thousand miles of the battle. The Battle began around October 23, 1942. On November 8, 1942 American forces landed all the way on the other end of North Africa, in Morocco and Algeria, under the overall command of General Dwight Eisenhower. At El Alamein General (later Field Marshal) Bernard Montgomery commanded British forces and General (later Field Marshal)⦠Read More
Who was Bernard Montgomery?
Field Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery (1887-1976) is best known as one of the most senior British commanders in World War 2. In particular, he commanded the 8th Army in North Africa (from August 1942) where he won the (2nd) Battle of El Alamein in October-November 1942. Later he was the Allied Commander of Ground Forces on D-Day and in the Battle of Normandy but was then replaced. His key failure was Operation Market Garden. After⦠Read More
Anton Ludwig Friedrich August von Mackensen (6 December 1849 â 8 November 1945), born August Mackensen, was a German field marshal.[2] He commanded with extreme success during the First World War and became one of the German Empire's most prominent and competent military leaders. After the Armistice, Mackensen was interned for a year. He retired from the army in 1920 and was made a Prussian state councillor in 1933 by Hermann Göring. During the Nazi era, Mackensen remained a committed monarchist and sometimes appeared at official functions in his First World War uniform. He was suspected of disloyalty to the Third Reich, although nothing was proven against him.
Early years[edit]
Mackensen was born in Haus Leipnitz, near the village of Dahlenberg (today part of Trossin) in the PrussianProvince of Saxony, to Ludwig and Marie Louise Mackensen. His father, an administrator of agricultural enterprises, sent him to a Realgymnasium in Halle in 1865, seemingly in the hope that his eldest son would follow him in his profession.[3]
Mackensen began his military service in 1869 as a volunteer with the Prussian 2nd Life Hussars Regiment (Leib-Husaren-Regiment Nr. 2). During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 he was promoted to second lieutenant and won the Iron Cross Second Class for leading a charge while on a reconnaissance patrol north of Orleans.[4] After the war he left the service and studied at Halle University, but returned to the army in 1873 with his old regiment.
He married Doris (Dorothea) von Horn, the sister of a slain comrade, in 1879. Her father Karl von Horn [de] was the influential Oberpräsident of East Prussia; they had two daughters and three sons. In 1891 Mackensen was appointed to the General Staff in Berlin, bypassing the usual three-year preparation in the War Academy. His chief, Helmuth von Moltke, found him a 'lovable character'[5] He was recalled from the regiment to serve as an adjutant to the next chief, Alfred von Schlieffen (in office 1891-1906), whom he regarded as a great instructor on how to lead armies of millions.[6]
Mackensen's coat of arms (uncoloured)
He impressed Kaiser Wilhelm II, who ordered that Mackensen be given command from 17 June 1893 of the 1st Life Hussars Regiment (Leib-Husaren-Regiment Nr. 1), to which he became à la suite when he left its command on 27 January 1898, so he often wore the distinctive death's head uniform thereafter.[7] Mackensen was surprised by his next posting, as an adjutant to Wilhelm II, because he was the first commoner to hold that position. For the next three and a half years he shadowed the Kaiser, meeting the high and mighty of Germany, the rest of Europe, and the Middle East. His sons shared gymnastics classes with the Kaiser's. He was ennobled on the Kaiser's 40th birthday, 27 January 1899, becoming August von Mackensen.[8] Next he received the command of the newly created Life Hussar Brigade (Leib-Husaren-Brigade) from 1901 to 1903, and from 1903 to 1908 commanded the 36th Division in Danzig.[9] He became a widower in 1905, and two years later married Leonie von der Osten, who was 22 years old. When Schlieffen retired in 1906, Mackensen was considered as a possible successor, but the job went to Helmuth von Moltke the Younger. In 1908 Mackensen was given command of the XVII Army Corps, headquartered in Danzig.[10] The Crown Prince was placed under his command, and the Kaiser asked Mackensen to keep an eye on the young man and to teach him to ride properly.[11]
First World War[edit]Eastern Front[edit]
August von Mackensen
Already age 65 at the outbreak of war in 1914, Mackensen's XVII Army Corps became part of the German Eighth Army in East Prussia, under General Maximilian von Prittwitz and 21 days later under General Paul von Hindenburg. Mackensen had his corps moving out on a twenty-five kilometer march to the Rominte River within fifty minutes of receiving his orders on the afternoon of 19 August 1914 when the Imperial Russian Armyinvaded East Prussia.[12] He led XVII Corps in the battles of Gumbinnen, Tannenberg and the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes, which drove the invading Russians out from most of East Prussia.
On 2 November 1914 Mackensen took over command of the Ninth Army from Hindenburg, who became Supreme Commander East (Oberbefehlshaber Ost). On 27 November 1914 Mackensen was awarded the Pour le Mérite, Prussia's highest military order, for successful battles around Åódź and Warsaw.
By April 1915 the Russians had conquered all of western Galicia, the Austro-Hungarian slice of partitioned Poland, and were pushing toward Hungary. In response to desperate pleas the German supreme commander Erich von Falkenhayn agreed to an offensive against the Russian flank by an Austro-German Army under a German commander. The reluctant Austro-Hungarian supreme command agreed that the tactful Mackensen was the best choice for commanding the coalition army. Army Group Mackensen (Heeresgruppe Mackensen) was established containing a new German Eleventh Army, also under his command, and the Austro-Hungarian Fourth Army. As chief of staff he was assigned Hans von Seeckt, who described Mackensen as an amiable, 'hands-on commander with the instincts of a hunter.â [13] His army group, which had an overwhelming advantage in artillery, smashed through the Russian lines between Gorlice and Tarnow and then continued eastward, never giving the Russians time to establish an effective defense, retaking most of eastern Galicia by recapturing PrzemyÅl and Lemberg.[14] The joint operation was a great victory for the Central Powers; they had advanced 310 km (186 mi), and soon thereafter the Russians pulled out of all of Poland.
Mackensen was awarded oak leaves to his Pour le Mérite on 3 June 1915 and promoted to field marshal on 22 June. He also received the Order of the Black Eagle, Prussia's highest-ranking order of knighthood, as well as numerous honors from other German states and Germany's allies, including the Grand Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph, the highest military honor of the Kingdom of Bavaria, on 4 June 1915.
Serbian campaign[edit]
First World War monument erected by Mackensen[citation needed] to the Serbian defenders of Belgrade. The inscription reads âHere Lie Serbian Heroesâ in German and Serbian.
In October 1915, a new Army Group Mackensen (Heeresgruppe Mackensen, which included the German Eleventh Army, Austro-Hungarian Third Army, and Bulgarian First Army), launched a renewed campaign against Serbia. The campaign crushed effective military resistance in Serbia but failed to destroy the Serbian army, half of which managed to withdraw to Entente-held ports in Albania and, after recuperation and rearmament by the French and the Italians, reentered fighting on the Macedonian front. When Mackensen returned to Vienna he was honored by a dinner, a personal audience with the Emperor Franz Joseph and was decorated with the magnificently jeweled Military Merit Cross 1st Class with Diamonds, a unique award for a foreigner.
Von Mackensen appears to have had great respect for the Serbian army and Serbians generally. Before departing to the Serbian front in 1915, he spoke to his men:
'You are not going to the Italian, Russian, or French front. You are going into battle against a new enemy - dangerous, tough, fearless and sharp. You are going to the Serbian front and Serbia. Serbs are people who love their freedom, and who will fight to the last man. Be careful this small enemy does not cast a shadow on your glory and compromise your successes.' [15]
Romanian campaign[edit]
Field Marshal Mackensen reviewing Bulgarian troops followed by Crown Prince Boris (c. 1916).
After Romania declared war on Austria-Hungary on 15 August 1916, Mackensen was given command of a multi-national army, with General Emil von Hell as chief of staff, of Bulgarians, Ottomans, Austro-Hungarians and Germans which assembled in northern Bulgaria and then advanced into southern Romania. By 8 September they had taken the two major forts on the right bank of the Danube, the first in a single day by a force that was outnumbered by the besieged, who were overwhelmed by Mackensen's artillery.[16] Then a German and Austro-Hungarian army group, commanded by Falkenhayn broke into northern Romania through the passes in the Transylvanian Carpathian mountains, while Mackensen crossed the Danube by seizing bridgeheads on the left bank to shield the Austro-Hungarian engineers who built the long pontoon bridge. The Romanian army and their Russian allies were forced back between these pincers, Bucharest fell to Mackensen on 6 December 1916, his 67th birthday, he rode in on a white horse and moved into the royal palace.[17]
For this performance, on 9 January 1917, Mackensen was awarded the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross, becoming one of only five recipients of this honor in the First World War. Since now he wore every Prussian medal, the kaiser decided to name a battlecruiser after him, which became the first in a new class.[18] Mackensen became the military governor of the large part of Romania (mainly Wallachia) occupied by the Central Powers. He proposed making a German prince king of Romania but the initiative fell through. His last campaign was an attempt to destroy the Romanian Army, which had been reorganized after the Kerensky Offensive. At MÄrÄÅeÅti both sides took heavy losses, but with the Romanian army emerging victorious (see Battle of MÄrÄÅeÅti). Mackensen maintained that he had never been defeated in battle, and surely was the most consistently successful senior general on either side in World War I. By December 1917, the Russian Army had collapsed and Romania was forced to sign the Armistice of FocÈani, followed by the Bucharest Peace Treaty. Mackensen remained in Romania until the end of the war as military governor and de facto ruler. After the armistice he and the 200,000 men he was leading back home were rounded up in Hungary by General Louis Franchet d'Espèrey's Allied army and he was a prisoner until November 1919.[19] He was one of the 896 Germans on the Allied list of accused war criminals, which eventually was allowed to lapse.
Post-war career[edit]
By 1920, Mackensen retired from the army. Although standing in opposition to the conclusion of the Treaty of Versailles and the newly established parliamentary system of the Weimar Republic, he initially avoided public campaigns. Around 1924 he changed his mind and began to use his image as a war hero to support right-wing monarchist and nationalist groups. He routinely appeared in his old Life Hussars uniform and became very active in pro-military conservative organisations, particularly the Stahlhelm and the Schlieffen Society, advocating the Stab-in-the-back myth and openly endorsing the murder of Minister Matthias Erzberger in 1921.
Mackensen and Hitler in 1935 during the Heldengedenktag in Berlin
During the German presidential election of 1932, Mackensen supported Paul von Hindenburg against Adolf Hitler, whose political skills he nevertheless admired; after Hitler gained power in January 1933, Mackensen became a visible, if only symbolic, supporter of the Nazi regime. One of his ceremonial visits brought him to Passau, where he received a hero's welcome.[20] Occasionally mocked as 'Reich Centrepiece', Mackensen's distinctive public profile, in his black Life Hussars uniform, was even recognized by the Hausser-Elastolin company, which produced a 7-cm figure of him in its line of Elastolin composition soldiers.[21] His fame and familiar uniform gave rise to two separate Third Reich units adopting black dress with Totenkopf badges: the Panzerwaffe, which claimed the tradition of the Imperial cavalry; and Hitler's 'Life Guards,' the SS. In October 1935, the government vested Mackensen with the Brandenburg demesne of Brüssow in recognition of his merits.
Mackensen at the Kaiser's funeral
Mackensen's relationship to the Nazis remained ambiguous: embodying the Prussian traditions adopted by Hitler's regime, he appeared in his black uniform at public events organized by the German government or the Nazi Party, such as the Day of Potsdam on 21 March 1933. On the other hand, he objected to the killing of Generals Ferdinand von Bredow and Kurt von Schleicher during The Night of the Long Knives purge of July 1934, the Nazi Kirchenkampf measures against the Confessing Church, and also to the atrocities committed during the Invasion of Poland in September 1939. By the early 1940s, Hitler and Joseph Goebbels suspected Mackensen of disloyalty, but refrained from taking action.[22] Mackensen remained a committed monarchist and in June 1941 appeared in full imperial uniform at Kaiser Wilhelm's funeral at Doorn, in the Netherlands.[23] He publicly condemned the 20 July plot of 1944.[citation needed]
According to a radio news report dated 15 April 1945, filed by CBS News correspondent Larry LeSueur for World News Today, Mackensen was briefly captured by the British Second Army at his home during the closing weeks of the Second World War. Upon the arrival of the British, rather than making an expected war-like statement, the old soldier merely made the request that newly freed foreign workers should be 'kept from stealing his chickens'.[24]
Mackensen died on 8 November 1945 at the age of 95, his life having spanned the Kingdom of Prussia, the North German Confederation, the German Empire, the Weimar Republic, The Third Reich, and the post-war Allied occupation of Germany. He was buried in the Celle cemetery.
Family[edit]
August von Mackensen's family at his 80th birthday
In November 1879, Mackensen married Dorothea von Horn (1854â1905), and they had five children:
In 1908, after the death of his first wife, Mackensen married Leonie von der Osten (1878â1963).
Mackensen and his family were LutheranProtestants in the Evangelical Church of Prussia.
Citation[edit]
On 4 February 1940, Mackensen wrote to Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch:'As a man becomes older, he has to watch carefully that age has not reduced his creativity. After reaching the age of 90, I have decided not to involve myself any longer with matters that are not concerned with my private life. However, I am still the most senior German officer. Many turn to me, sometimes with wishes, but more often with their concerns.During these weeks our concern is with the spirit of our unique and successful Army. The concern results from the crimes committed in Poland, looting and murder that take place before the eyes of our troops, who appear unable to put an end to them. An apparent indifference has serious consequences for the morale of our soldiers and it is damaging to the esteem of our Army and our whole nation.I am sure that you are aware of these events and that you certainly condemn them. These lines intend to convey my daily growing concern at the reports that constantly reach me, and I have to ask you to take up this matter with the highest authority. The messages I receive are so numerous, many come from high ranking persons and from witnesses. As the most senior officer I cannot keep them to myself. In transmitting them to you, I fulfil my duty to the Army. The honour of the Army and the esteem in which it is held must not be jeopardised by the actions of hired subhumans and criminals. Sieg heil.'[25]
Honours[edit]
The University of Halle-Wittenberg appointed him to Honorary Doctor of Political Sciences and the GdaÅsk University of Technology granted him the title Doktoringenieur.
Mackensen-class battlecruiser, named after Mackensen, was the last class of battlecruisers to be built by Germany in the First World War, the lead ship, SMS Mackensen, was launched on 21 April 1917.
Mackensen was an Honorary Citizen of many cities, such as Danzig, Heilsberg, Buetow, and Tarnovo. In 1915, the newly built rural village of Mackensen in Pomerania was named after him. In various cities, streets were named after him. In 1998 the Mackensenstrasse in the Schöneberg district of Berlin was renamed Else Lasker-Schüler-road, based on an erroneous claim that Mackensen was one of the 'pioneers of National Socialism'.[26]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_von_Mackensen&oldid=903287688'
Prussian marshal's baton, awarded to Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1895.
Generalfeldmarschall (English: general field marshal, field marshal general, or field marshal; listen; abbreviated to Feldmarschall) was a rank in the armies of several German states and the Holy Roman Empire (Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall); in the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, the rank Feldmarschall was used. The rank was the equivalent to GroÃadmiral (English: Grand admiral) in the Kaiserliche Marine and Kriegsmarine, a five-star rank, comparable to OF-10 in today's NATO naval forces.
Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary[edit]
The rank existed in the Austrian Empire as Kaiserlicher Feldmarschall ('imperial field marshal') and in Austria-Hungary as Kaiserlicher und königlicher Feldmarschall - Császári és királyi tárbornagy ('imperial and royal field marshal'). Both were based on usage in the Holy Roman Empire. The monarch held the rank ex officio, other officers were promoted as required. Between 1914 and 1918, ten men attained this rank, of whom four were members of the reigning Habsburg dynasty.
Germany[edit]
Marshal's baton of Wolfram von Richthofen
Kingdom of Prussia and German Empire[edit]
In the Prussian Army, the Imperial German Army and later in the Wehrmacht, the rank of Generalfeldmarschall had several privileges, such as elevation to nobility, equal protocol rank with cabinet ministers, the right of reporting directly to the monarch, and a constant escort.
In 1854, the rank of colonel general (German: Generaloberst) was created in order to promote William, Prince of Prussia (the later William I, German Emperor) to senior rank without breaking the rule that only wartime field commanders could receive the rank of field marshal for a victory in a decisive battle or the capture of a fortification or major town. The equivalent of colonel-general in the German Navy was the rank of Generaladmiral ('general admiral' or 'admiral-general').
In 1870 Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia and Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelmâwho had commanded armies during the Franco-Prussian Warâbecame the first Prussian princes appointed as field marshals.
The exalted nature of the rank was underscored during World War I, when only five German officers (excluding honorary promotions to members of royal families and foreign officers) were designated Generalfeldmarschall: Paul von Hindenburg, August von Mackensen, Karl von Bülow, Hermann von Eichhorn, and Remus von Woyrsch. Only a single naval officer, Henning von Holtzendorff, was designated Grand Admiral. Not even such well-known German commanders as Erich Ludendorff, Erich von Falkenhayn, or Reinhard Scheer received marshal's batons or Grand Admiral rank.
Nazi Germany[edit]
Before World War II Hitler promoted War Minister Werner von Blomberg (20 April 1936) and Aviation Minister Hermann Göring (4 February 1938) to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall. In the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II, the rank of Generalfeldmarschall remained the highest military rank until July 1940, when Hermann Göring was promoted to the newly created higher rank of Reichsmarschall. The equivalent of a Generalfeldmarschall in the navy was GroÃadmiral ('grand admiral').
Unlike Kaiser Wilhelm II, Adolf Hitler distributed the rank more widely, promoting 25 Heer and Luftwaffe officers in total and two KriegsmarineGrand Admirals. (Another promotion, that of Austrian General Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli, was honorary.) Four weeks after the Heer and Luftwaffe had won the Battle of France, Hitler promoted twelve generals to the rank of field marshal on 19 July 1940: Walther von Brauchitsch, Wilhelm Keitel, Gerd von Rundstedt, Fedor von Bock, Wilhelm von Leeb, Wilhelm List, Günther von Kluge, Erwin von Witzleben and Walter von Reichenau (Heer); and Albert Kesselring, Erhard Milch and Hugo Sperrle (Luftwaffe).[1]
In 1942, three other men were promotedâ'Wüstenfuchs' (desert fox) Erwin Rommel (22 June) for the siege of Tobruk, Erich von Manstein (30 June) for the Siege of Sevastopol and Georg von Küchler (30 June) for his success as Oberbefehlshaber der Heeresgruppe Nord ('commander-in-chief of Army Group North').
Hitler promoted Friedrich Paulusâcommander of the 6th Army at Stalingradâto the rank of field marshal via field radio on 30 January 1943, a day before his army's inevitable surrender in order to encourage him to continue to fight until death or commit suicide.[2] In the promotion Hitler noted that no German or Prussian field marshal at that point in history had ever been captured alive. Paulus surrendered the following day anyway, claiming Ich habe nicht die Absicht, mich für diesen bayerischen Gefreiten zu erschieÃen ('I have no intention of shooting myself for this Bavarian corporal').[3] A disappointed Hitler commented, 'That's the last field marshal I make in this war!' (In fact, he appointed seven more -- two on the very day after Paulus' surrender and the last just five days before his own suicide.)
Generalfeldmarschall was the highest regular general officer rank in the German Wehrmacht, comparable to NATO rank codes OF10, and to the five-star rank in anglophone armed forces. It was equivalent to GroÃadmiral of the German Kriegsmarine.
Financially the rank of Generalfeldmarschall in Nazi Germany was very rewarding as, apart from a yearly salary, Hitler introduced a tax free fringe benefits for generals in the range of ââ³ 2,000 to 4,000 per month in 1940. He also bestowed generous presents on his highest officers, with Wilhelm von Leeb receiving ââ³ 250,000 for his 65th birthday from Hitler.[4]
Promotion to the rank did not guarantee Hitler's ongoing favor, however. As the tide of the war turned, Hitler took out his frustrations on his top commanders, relieving most of the Generalfeldmarschalls of duty before the war's conclusion. Bock, Brauchitsch, Leeb, and List were all relieved of their posts in 1942 for perceived failures during Operation Barbarossa and took no further active part in the war. Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist, Manstein and Sperrle were similarly retired in 1944 and Rundstedt and Maximilian von Weichs in March 1945. Grand Admiral Erich Raeder was retired in January 1943 following a fierce argument with Hitler over the future of the German surface fleet. Walther Model, one of Hitler's most successful commanders, had nevertheless lost the Fuhrer's confidence by war's end and committed suicide to avoid capture and likely trial as a war criminal. Milch was relieved after conspiring unsuccessfully to have Göring removed from command of the Luftwaffe, and even Göring himself was stripped of his offices and expelled from the Nazi Party in Hitler's last days. Ferdinand Schörner ignominiously abandoned his command to save himself in the war's last days. Kluge, Witzleben and Rommel were either executed or forced to commit suicide for their real or imagined roles in assassination plots against Hitler. By war's end, only Keitel, Kesselring, Robert Ritter von Greim and Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz were still in positions of military responsibility.
East Germany[edit]
The National People's Army of the Deutsche Demokratische Republik or DDR (German Democratic Republic, i.e. East Germany) created the rank of Marshal of the German Democratic Republic on 25 March 1982. A general could be appointed to this rank by the State Council (Staatsrat; the head-of-state council of the GDR) during wartime or for exceptional military achievement; no one ever held the rank, however.
Modern Germany[edit]
The ranks of Generalfeldmarschall, Generaloberst, GroÃadmiral and Generaladmiral no longer exist in the new German (until 1990 West German) Armed Forces, the Bundeswehr, which were created in 1956. Currently, the highest military grades in the Bundeswehr are general and admiral.
The Commander-in-Chief of the Bundeswehr is in peacetime, according to Article 65a of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (constitution), the civilianFederal Minister of Defence, who holds supreme command authority over all soldiers. In wartime, during the State of Defence, that supreme command authority is transferred to the Federal Chancellor. The Inspector General of the Bundeswehr is the military chief of defence and heads the Armed Forces Command Staff (German: Führungsstab der Streitkräfte).
See also[edit]Notes[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Generalfeldmarschall&oldid=891802854'
It would depend on which 'army' you are referring to. Generally,a Field Marshall is the highest rank in an army.
Is there a ranking higher than a general?
In some armies yes there is. Field Marshall for instance. In addition the political leaders outrank generals.
Is there a rank higher than field marshal?
No, Field Marshall is the highest rank in the army. Even very few get promoted to this.
Which is higher FBI or CIA or us marshall?
Cia is different from fbi but fbi is higher than us Marshall
Is there a higher position that a general pediatrician?
A higher position than a general pediatrician would be a surgeon or head pediatrician in a hospital. Many medical jobs are on an even playing field and there are few head positions.
Which is of higher rank a General or an Colonel?Who is higher colonel or lieutenant colonel?
Colonel is higher than a Lieutenant-Colonel. BTW, a Lieutenant- General is higher than a Major-General.
Is a Lt higher than a Lt commander?Why is lieutenant general a higher rank than major general?
Because a Major General use to be refered as a Sergeant Major General which made the Lieutenant General the higher rank.
Are there any higher ranks in the british army than field marshal?Is major rank higher than lieutenant colonel?
Highest - lowest. # Field Marshal (Only awarded as an honour) # General # Lieutenant General # Major General # Brigadier # Colonel # Lieutenant Colonel # Major # Captain # Lieutenant # Second Lieutenant # Officer Cadet
Is lieutenant colonel higher than a major rank?
Highest - lowest. # Field Marshal (Only awarded as an honour) # General # Lieutenant General # Major General # Brigadier # Colonel # Lieutenant Colonel # Major # Captain # Lieutenant # Second Lieutenant # Officer Cadet
Is a general higher than a commander?
Yes. A commander in the Navy is equivalent to Lt Colonel in the Army. The lowest rank of general is 2 ranks higher than the commander.
Which is the higher position general police or general army?
general army is a higher position than general police as general police is two star rank whereas general army has five star rank.
What is higher than the Captain in the Navy?Is being a General officer higher than being a General officer of the staff?Is a captain higher than a general?
No. After captain you have major, Lt. colonel and colonel before you get to brigadier general.
How does mass affects gravity?
Bigger mass means higher gravitational field. The sun is bigger than the Earth, the sun has a bigger gravitational field. The Earth is bigger than the moon, the Earth has a bigger gravitational field (about 9.8) which is why you can jump higher on the moon - less gravity
In Brazilian military which is higher in rank than a General?Liquids have higher coefficients of expansion than solids do in general?What does higher standard than the general public mean?
Holding yourself to a higher standard than the general public basically means not doing anything illegally, like fighting, drinking and driving, or doing drugs.
What is higher Adjutant General or Major General?
Adjutant General is a position held by a general grade officer. Major General is a rank. The Adjutant General of the U.S. Army is a Lieutenant General which is higher than a Major General. At the state level, i.e. National Guard, the State Adjutant General is typically a Major General.
Does a Brigadier general out rank a rear admiral?
No. Rear Admiral (equivalent to a Major General) is one grade higher than a Brigadier General.
Which is the highest position a general or field officer?
In the US Army we have what we call Company Grade Officers, Field Grade Officers and General Officers. This is how they are broken down: Company Grade Officers: O-1 2nd Lieutenant, O-2 1st Lieutenant and O-3 Captain Field Grade Officers: O-4 Major, O-5 Lieutenant Colonel and O-6 Colonel General Officers: O-7 Brigadier General, O-8 Major General, O-9 Lieutenant General and O-10 General A General Officer holds a higher position and rank than those who fall⦠Read More
When forest has more species than the wheat field it is said to have a higher level of?Is sergeant higher rank than general?
No a Sgt is concerned a non-commissioned member of the army. A sgt is an average rank of a typical solider level, where a general is the highest rank in the army. There are several types of Sgt's in the US army - but never is any Sgt rank higher than a General.
Why does Laos have higher temperatures than Yugoslavia?
In general, because it is much closer to the equator.
Do cold air masses have higher or lower air pressure than warm masses?
In general, cold air masses have a higher air pressure than warm ones.
Why does a high school football field seem smaller then a pros field?
of corse a high school football field is smaller than a pro fottball field because the pros play at a higher level therfore the field has to be larger
Does a lacrosse ball bounce differently on grass vs field turf?
yes i play on field turf and it bouces higher than regular grass.
What was heaviest bull ever?
A bullock named The Field Marshall has been crowned Britain's biggest, after weighing more than 3,500lbs, heavier than Mini Cooper and BMW 3-series.
What rank is after general on Star Wars battlefront 2?
general is the highest rank when you can lead four men, there is no other rank higher than that.
If a major in the army is a higher rank that a lt then why is a lt gen higher in rank than a major gen?
The ranks probably originated in the 18th Century as armies became larger. My guess is that the rank of major general was created first to outrank the general of a brigade, or brigadier general as it was later known, and lt. general was created to denote a general who next in line to become as a general as a lt. governor is next in line to be a governor, but I do not know for⦠Read More
Is a supervisor higher than adminstrator?
Typically the Admin in an institution is higher up than a general supervisory position. Not all companies work the same way though, so there is no definitive answer.
In general what is true about places at higher altitudes?Hoi4 General Vs Field Marshal Salary
They have cooler temperatures than places at lower altitudes.
Is 30 a factor of 4?
No. As a general rule, factors cannot be higher than the numbers they are compared to.
Is the field of view in low power on a microscope larger or smaller than high power?
Larger because you have less magnification. The higher the magnification the smaller the field of view.
Why child heart rate is faster than an adult hearth rate?Which of the following bset describes the general air temperature on a cloudy night?Why is the earth's gravity stronger than the moon's?
Because earth has a greater mass therefore having a greater gravitational field. Higher mass= higher gravitational attraction.
In general which state has higher elevations Alaska or Florida?
Alaska has higher elevations than Florida. Alaska, has several mountain ranges. Florida is relatively flat.
What is a higher rank chief operating officer or general manager marketing and sales?
A COO is a C-level executive and is certainly higher than any GM.
Was abraham lincoln a general during the civil war?
No, he was the president through most of the war, thus he was the commander and chief of military services -- higher than a general.
Hitler's Field MarshalsDo blacks have higher muscle density than whites?
apparently they have higher muscle density than everyone including whites (in general). according to my friend who read an article from UC Davis. as much as 4 times.
Responsibilities of a general manager?
A General Manager is responsible for all areas of the organization. This manager oversees, plans, and delegates the tasks at a higher level than a regular manager.
What is higher in rank a captain or a general?
Generals have ranks within them i.e. one star, two star, three star, four star, five star, and pentagram, which is the highest rank. For the US Army, a general is much higher than a captain by 3 grades. It goes, captain, major, lieutenant colonel, colonel, than brigadier general (1 star).
When is the best time of year to get cheap christmas cards?
From January to mid-September, you can often get Christmas cards for cheap rather than if you were to buy them during or immediately before Christmas, where the demand is higher than the former. As a general principle, the higher the demand, the higher the price.
It is complete software in the music industry that gives you full production environment and also DAW. Fl studio regkey reddit.
Who ranks higher in the military?
The highest rank in the army is general. Unless in a real war than it it general of the army which is 5 stars. Jointcheif and all that is just a title not a rank
Do women have a higher heart rate than men?
sometimes. depending on how fit you are. it's because women are smaller in general.
Why is swedens life expectance higher than the us?
Average weight is lower, and the general level of physical activity is greater.
Is the General Governor higher than the prime minister in Canada?
As the Governor General represents Her Majesty the Queen, His/Her Excellency ranks higher than the prime minister on the Canadian order of precedence. The prime minister is appointed by the Governor General; however, as the Governor General's exercise of executive authority is nearly invariably on the advice of the prime minister, the prime minister has much more practical political authority.
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